Original Scientific Article Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is a common disease in the intensive production of salmonids. The IHN virus (IHNV) was isolated for the first time in North Macedonia in 2018. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and genotype of IHN in farmed rainbow trout and autochthonous salmonid fish in North Macedonia following the first detection. The samples were collected from 47 trout farms. Trout fry with or without clinical signs of IHN were selected as individual samples. Kidney, spleen, and heart were taken from each fish during the dissection. Three pooled samples were collected from each farm. A total of 141 pooled samples were collected: Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) n=127, Macedonian trout (Salmo macedonicus) n=11, and Ohrid trout (Salmo letnica) n=3. The virus was detected in 43 samples (30.50%): rainbow trout (n=40), Macedonian trout (n=2), and Ohrid trout (n=1). There were 18 (38.30%) positive fish farms. The MAKIHNV1 isolate from 2018 (MN641902) and the newly isolated virus shared a similarity of >99 and were placed in clade E-1 of European genogroup E. The IHN has spread throughout the country and is also present in the autochthonous salmonids. https://macvetrev.mk/LoadArticlePdf/381 2024-03-15 37 43 https://doi.org/10.2478/macvetrev-2024-0013 Novirhabdovirus cold-water aquaculture phylogeny Aleksandar Traјchovski aleksandar.trajchovski@fvm.ukim.edu.mk false 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia LEAD_AUTHOR Igor Djadjovski false 2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia AUTHOR Kiril Krstevski false 3 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia AUTHOR Zagorka Popova Hristovska false 4 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia AUTHOR Martin Nikolovski false 5 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia AUTHOR Ljubica Rashikj false 6 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia AUTHOR Dimitar Bozinovski false 7 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia AUTHOR Angela Grujovska false 8 Food and Veterinary Agency, Treta Makedonska Brigada 20, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia AUTHOR Niccolò Vendramin false 9 Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Institut for Akvatiske Ressourcer, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark AUTHOR Argelia Cuenca false 10 Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Institut for Akvatiske Ressourcer, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark AUTHOR Aleksandar Cvetkovikj false 11 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia AUTHOR Dixon, P., Paley, R., Alegria-Moran, R., Oidtmann, B. (2016). Epidemiological characteristics of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV): a review. Vet Res. 47(1): 63. PMid:27287024 PMCid:PMC4902920 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-016-0341-1 Verjan, N., Ooi, E.L., Nochi, T., Kondo, H., Hirono, I., Aoki, T., Kiyono, H., Yuki, Y. (2008). A soluble nonglycosylated recombinant infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) G-protein induces IFNs in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 25(1-2): 170-180. PMid:18499475 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2008.04.004 Yong, C.Y., Ong, H.K., Tang, H.C., Yeap, S.K., Omar, A.R., Ho, K.L., Tan, W.S. (2019). Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: advances in diagnosis and vaccine development. PeerJ. 7, e7151. PMid:31341728 PMCid:PMC6640626 3 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7151 Rucker, R.R., Whipple, W.J., Parvin, J.R., Evans, C.A., Service, W., Day, A.M. (1953). A contagious disease of sockeye salmon possibly of virus origin. US Fish Wildlife Service Fisheries Bulletin. 54(1): 35-46. 4 Watson, S.W., Guenther, R.W., Rucker, R.R. (1954). Virus disease of sockeye salmon, interim report. United States Fish Wildlife Special Scientific Report on Fisheries. 138, 1-36. 5 Enzmann, P.J., Castric, J., Bovo, G., Thiery, R., Fichtner, D., Schütze, H., Wahli, T. (2010). Evolution of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a fish rhabdovirus, in Europe over 20 years: implications for control. Dis Aquat Organ. 89(1): 9-15. PMid:20391908 6 https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02182 Grilc, F.A, Jenčič, V., Mankoč, S., Maganja, D.B., Hostnik, P. (2011). Genotyping of Slovenian infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus isolates based on the “mid-G” region sequences of the glycoprotein gene. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol. 31(2): 47-57. 7 Vardić, I., Kapetanović, D., Teskeredžić, Z., Teskeredžić, E. (2007). First record of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout fry in Croatia. Acta Vet Brno. 76(1): 65-70. 8 https://doi.org/10.2754/avb200776010065 Rexhepi, A., Bërxholi, K., Scheinert, P., Hamidi, A., Sherifi, K. (2011). Study of viral diseases in some freshwater fish in the Republic of Kosovo. Veti Arh. 81(3): 405-413. 9 Cvetkovikj, A., Radosavljevic, V., Cuenca, A., Strojmanovska, B., Maksimovic-Zoric, J., Cvetkovikj, I., Olesen, N.J. (2020). First detection of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in farmed rainbow trout in North Macedonia. Dis Aquat Organ. 140, 219-225. PMid:32880379 10 https://doi.org/10.3354/dao03507 Enzmann, P.J., Kurath, G., Fichtner, D., Bergmann, S.M. (2005). Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: monophyletic origin of European isolates from North American genogroup M. Dis Aquat Organ. 66(3): 187-195. PMid:16261933 11 https://doi.org/10.3354/dao066187 Vardić, I., Kapetanović, D., Teskeredžić, Z., Teskeredžić, E. (2007). Genotyping of isolated viruses from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Croatia. Ribarstvo 65(3): 87-97. 12 https://doi.org/10.2754/avb200776010065 Purcell, M.K., Thompson, R.L., Garver, K.A., Hawley, L.M., Batts, W.N., Sprague, L., Sampson, C., Winton, J.R. (2013). Universal reverse-transcriptase real-time PCR for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Dis Aquat Organ. 106(2): 103-115. PMid:24113244 13 https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02644 Ahmadivand, S., Soltani, M., Mardani, K., Shokrpoor, S., Hassanzadeh, R., Ahmadpoor, M., Rahmati- Holasoo, H., Meshkini, S. (2017). Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) outbreak in farmed rainbow trout in Iran: viral isolation, pathological findings, molecular confirmation, and genetic analysis. Virus Res. 229, 17-23. PMid:28012997 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.013 Barroso, R.M., Wheeler, P.A., Lapatra, S.E., Drewer, R.E., Thoragaard, G.H. (2008). QTL for IHNV resistance and growth identified in a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) X Yellowstone cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) trout cross. Aquaculture. 277(3-4): 156-163. 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.03.001 Balmer, B.F., Powers, R.L., Zhang, T.H., Lee, J., Vigant, F., Lee, B., Jung, M.E., Purcell, M.K., Snekvik, K., Aguilar, H.C. (2017). Inhibition of an aquatic rhabdovirus demonstrates promise of a broad-spectrum antiviral for use in aquaculture. J Virol. 91(4): e02181-16. PMid:27903801 PMCid:PMC5286899 16 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02181-16 Adams, A. (2019). Progress, challenges and opportunities in fish vaccine development. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 90, 210-214. PMid:31039441 17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.066