INTRODUCTION

It is well documented that follicular fluid has an important role in metabolic activity in association with follicular cells. This activity, as well as the properties of the blood-follicle barrier may change significantly during follicular growth and ovarian diseases (1). Modifications of the metabolites concentrations (glucose, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, and total proteins), as well as the activity of lysosomal enzymes in the follicular fluid were involved in the integrity of both the metabolism and the membrane of follicular cells that could reflect the status of the follicle (2). However, the impact of the metabolic changes on the components with biological interest in OC was not fully understood. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the concentrations of the most common metabolites in follicular fluid in the physiological and pathological cases, but it is also important to know if these concentrations differ from those found in blood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the balance in some metabolites (glucose, urea, total protein, cortisol, cholesterol, insulin) between the vascular compartment and follicular fluid in normal and cystic animals.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

RESULTS

The mean follicular fluid concentrations of the different biochemical constituents in the ovarian cysts and large follicles are presented in Table 1. To interpret the results, reported and/or established values of these metabolites in previous studies were also mentioned.

Table 1. Average concentrations (± SD) of different metabolic parameters in follicular and cystic fluid of cows

Data presented in Table 1 revealed that cystic fluid had greater urea concentrations compared to follicular fluid. In contrast, glucose, total protein, total cholesterol and cortisol concentrations were less in cystic fluid than in normal one (P<0.05). Nevertheless, the difference in insulin, creatinine, GGT, AST and ALT concentrations between the two groups was not significant (P<0.05).

Results of the blood metabolic parameters are summarized in Table 2. They are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The reported and/or established values of these metabolites in previous studies were also mentioned.

Table 2. Metabolic profile of cystic cows compared with normal animals and reference range

The results (shown in Table 2) demonstrated that cystic cows had significantly low levels of glucose than normal ones. However, the mean values were within the normal range in both groups. Insulin and urea levels were very low in cystic cows and were below the normal range, while in normal cows, the values were in the reference range. In contrast, the cortisol levels were higher in cystic cows compared with normal cows, but the values remain within the reference range. No significant differences in blood concentrations of total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and liver enzymes activity (AST, ALT, and GGT) between cystic and normal cows were recorded and the all values were within the accepted range.

According to the data shown in table 1 and 2, OC were characterized by low levels of glucose, total protein, cholesterol and cortisol in cystic fluid while the urea concentrations were high. On the other hand, serum analysis of cystic animals revealed very low values of insulin and urea, with relatively high cortisol levels. Data interpretation will be facilitated by statistical analysis that will examine the relationship between vascular compartment and follicular fluid in physiological and pathological condition (OC). Table 3 elucidated the relationship between follicular fluid and serum of various metabolic parameters in normal and cystic cows.

Table 3. Correlation coefficients (r’s) between metabolite concentrations in follicular/cystic fluid and serum for each animal

Significant correlations between serum and follicular fluid concentrations of normal cows were found for glucose, total cholesterol, cortisol and total protein. The highest correlation was for urea. Weak correlations were observed between metabolites concentrations in the cystic fluid and in the serum for normal and cystic cows.

DISCUSSION

As far as we know, the current study represents the first investigation of the balance between the vascular compartment and follicular fluid in OC. Good understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of the ovarian cysts involves taking into consideration the characteristics of cystic fluid.

In general, follicular fluid is a complex fluid, yellow, semi-viscous, favorable to the growth and the differentiation of follicular cells and nuclear and cytoplasmic oocyte maturation. Its components are mainly from blood plasma, but it is also composed of factors produced locally by the granulosa and theca cells (17, 18). In general, it contains electrolytes, oxygen, hormones, energy substrates and metabolites (19). In ovarian cysts, the fluid becomes dark, viscous (20) and it is characterized by increased levels of some components that may reflect the degree of maturation of OC, but also indicate the means by which they persist.

Glucose concentrations in the follicular fluid were significantly lower than those found in the serum. This result agrees with those reported by Leroy et al. (3) in cattle, Arshad et al. (21) in buffaloes, and El-Bahr et al. (22) in camels. Similarly, Leroy et al. (3) observed a good correlation between the follicular fluid and the serum and suggested that hypoglycemia can reduce the intra-follicular glucose levels. Indeed, it is useful to note that the glucose content in the follicular fluid comes from glycolysis occurring in the granulosa cells and the flow of this plasma metabolite into the follicle (1, 3). Therefore, we can interpret the low levels of glucose in the cystic fluid not only by post-mortem changes that can induce conversion of glucose to lactate by anaerobic glycolysis, but also by the decreased influx of blood glucose. This is consistent with the results in experiments on cyclic animals (10, 23). Recently, Zhao et al. (24), studying the microenvironmental changes of the follicle in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, noted an increase in glycolysis with a decrease in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Therefore, we assume that a similar study in cystic cows could clarify the OC pathogenesis, especially by Ovum Pick Up technique that allows researchers to avoid post-mortem changes.

Urea levels in the follicular fluid did not differ from that contained in the serum of normal animals, which is in agreement with the results of Leroy et al. (3). However, we noted a significant difference between the two biological fluids in the cystic animals. In fact, in the physiological case, several studies have noted higher urea concentrations in the liquid aspirated from follicles in development compared to the serum, probably due to active transport or local production of urea by follicular cells (2, 25). Therefore, the high concentrations recorded in the cystic fluid may be the result of an aberrant production in the walls of OC and/or excessive active transportation due to impaired blood-follicle barrier (which may explain the low urea content in the sera of cystic cows), favored by hypoglycemia recorded in cystic animals. This result requires more investigations (including the transport mechanism of the blood urea to the follicle, urea metabolism in follicular walls in the physiological and pathological case and the integrity of the blood-follicle barrier in OC).

In the present study, the concentrations of serum total protein were significantly higher than those of the follicular fluid. The result is consistent with those from other authors (2, 3). According to Leroy et al. (3), the average concentrations of total protein observed in the follicular fluid are 75-80% of that of serum. Wise (26) has identified a high correlation between the amounts of total protein in these two liquids and reported that many proteins in the follicular fluid come from the serum, probably by a procedure analogous to filtration. Unlike serum assay, statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the protein content in follicular and cystic fluid. Since follicular fluid proteins originated from blood and follicular secretions, changes in protein levels in cystic fluid may reflect a modification in synthesis ability, in metabolism and in follicle walls structure which may have a role in the OC pathogenesis (18, 27). Some studies noted not only the difference in the total protein content, but also the modification of proteins quality. In cows, Maniwa et al. (27) identified eight additional proteins in the cystic fluid, whereas in sows, Sun et al. (18) have noted a difference of Retinol Binfing Protein-4 (RBP-4) and transferring levels which indicate the synthetic capacity and the follicle metabolic status, mainly in pathological cases. All these proteins are involved in the etiopathogenesis of OC (18, 27). A presence of apoptotic cells in the layers of granulosa cells that gradually disappear was also observed (28, 29). Therefore, intracellular proteins can pass through the degenerate granulosa cells to the follicle fluid. However, the possibility that these proteins are transported by the blood can’t be eliminated. Therefore, it is important to determine the exact source of these proteins and the mechanism by which they are found in high levels in the follicular fluid of OC (27).

Cholesterol concentrations in the follicular fluid were significantly less than those in the serum. Aller et al. (2) and Hudson et al. (30) noted similar results. In camels, El-Bahr et al. (22) reported that cholesterol levels in serum were 3.5 times higher than those of the follicular fluid. Thereafter, they suggested that blood cholesterol is not the major metabolite available for steroidogenesis. Indeed, the granulosa cells have a large stock of cholesterol esters that are capable of providing cholesterol to ovarian function (22, 31). In addition, the cholesterol level is directly related to the energy state of animal. In fact, the presence of glucose in the ovarian tissue is important in acetate atoms incorporation in the sterol. Similarly, studies in ruminants have shown that glucose metabolism and cholesterol are closely related (32). In the present study, we found different results between blood and intrafollicular assays. The results showed a significant difference in cholesterol levels between follicular and cystic fluid while in serum, though no statistical difference was revealed between the cycled and cystic animals. This can be explained by cystic follicle microenvironment, which combines progressive degeneration of granulosa cells that contain cholesterol esters with low glucose levels recorded in cystic fluid. However, an alteration in the blood transportation mechanism is not excluded.

In addition, according to Rabiee and Lean (32), cholesterol and glucose uptake can be influenced by trophic hormones, including insulin and IGFI (Insulin Like Growth Factor I). Since these elements are critical to the development of ovarian structures and functions, their presence at low concentrations in the blood may affect the transovarian absorption of glucose and cholesterol, as well as steroidogenesis. In this study, the serum assay revealed statistical difference in insulin levels between cyclic and cystic animals. In contrast, insulin concentrations in follicular and cystic fluid were similar. The same results were reported by Hein et al. (33). The latter noted, in addition, changes in the insulin-signaling cascade in the ovary. These changes are related to the low expression of insulin receptors in granulosa cells. However, Vanholder et al. (34), in a similar approach, could not show such change except in cystic ovaries, which are functionally progesterone–active. They revealed a modification in LH receptor expression and alteration of the relationship between different receptors of insulin and IGF1.

No statistical difference between cortisol levels in follicular fluid and serum has been revealed. This result proves that intrafollicular cortisol is originated from serum because the ovary cannot produce glucocorticoids in vivo (35). Unlike serum assay that showed high levels of cortisol in cystic cows compared to cyclic ones, cortisol concentrations in follicular and cystic fluid were relatively low. Indeed, it is well known that glucocorticoids exert inhibitory effects on reproductive functions through alteration of LH secretion by the anterior pituitary. However, studies on the direct action of glucocorticoids on the ovarian level are controversial. Spicer and Zinn (36) found no active role of cortisol on the follicle functions. Similarly, Peter et al. (37) could not prove the effect of cortisol on aromatase activity. Thereafter, Kawate et al. (38) were able to reveal the inhibitory action of cortisol on estrogen synthesis and the number of LH receptors in vitro. In addition, it was shown that cortisol at physiological concentrations can directly affect ovarian function in cattle, especially the production of androstenedione by theca interna (7). Sunak et al. (39), in another approach (in vitro), reported that inactivation of Cortisol by 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase b (11b-HSD) in the granulosa cells of pigs was significantly decreased, and suggested that the components that regulate cortisol metabolism by 11b-HSD can play a significant role in OC development. Finally, Amweg et al. (35) confirmed, in vitro, the expression of ACTH receptors in the bovine ovary, and noted after type identification that the 11b-HSD1 activity, which converts corticosterone into cortisol, was elevated in OC rather than in the tertiary follicle. This indicates a local role of cortisol in OC pathogenesis. According to the latter, since ovulation is an inflammatory process characterized by the synthesis of interleukins and prostaglandins, a massive release of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids could limit this process in the ovary. However, extreme situations can affect the normal mechanism of ovulation and change the estrous cycle of the animal. Since high concentrations of glucocorticoids (≥36 ng/ml) were required to inhibit 50% of aromatase activity and the increase of LH receptors in granulosa cells of the rat in vitro (7), we assume that the normal or decreased cortisol concentrations in cystic fluid are not involved in OC development. This is supported by the fact that most of cortisol (> 90%) is bound to the plasma proteins, mainly to globulin or CBG (cortisol-binding globulin) (36). The present study supports the concept that the role of cortisol in OC pathogenesis is limited to the inhibition of LH secretion by the anterior pituitary. This inhibition may also be the result of reduction in estrogen synthesis. This may be due to the gradual degradation of granulose cells. For that, this study needs to be completed by other experiments including those that determine the number of cortisol, estrogen and LH receptors, and aromatase activity in very young cystic follicles, preferably in vivo.

CONCLUSION

In summary, OC associated metabolic changes both in follicular fluid and in blood. They were characterized by low levels of glucose, total protein, cholesterol and cortisol in cystic fluid while urea concentrations were high. Serum assays revealed very low values of insulin and urea, whereas cortisol levels were relatively increased. The significant correlations that existed between follicular fluid and serum in normal cows were completely changed in cystic cows. Therefore, the current study needs to be completed by a deeper research concerning the blood-follicle-barrier.