Original Scientific Article
Diagnostic characteristics of circovirus infection in pigs
Ivica Gjurovski
*
,
Branko Angelovski
,
Toni Dovenski
,
Dine Mitrov
,
Trpe Ristoski
Received: 21 July 2014
Received in revised form: 14 November 2014
Accepted: 21 November 2014
Available Online First: 26 November 2014
Published on: 15 March 2015
Correspondence: Ivica Gjurovski,
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the results from the histopathology and the immunohistochemical method in the diagnostic of Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection in pigs. The circovirus infection is a pig disease that is caused by a small, spherical, nonenveloped virus with a single stranded DNA genome which is spread throughout the pig industry worldwide. The circovirus is the etiological agent of a several pig diseases which today are thought to be the cause of the greatest economical loses in pig production. The most important of these diseases is the PMWS (post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome). In this article we have performed an investigation of four farms on which there had been a previous clinical diagnosis of the Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. The examination was performed on thirty pigs from these farms, from two to five months old, which had the most severe symptoms of the disease. Necropsy, histopathology and immunohistochemical diagnostic methods were performed. The most significant necropsy findings were the enlarged lymph nodes (especially the inguinal, mediasinal and the mesenteric lymph nodes). The main histopathological changes were located in the lymphatic organs presented by B and T lymphocyte depletion and increase in the number of the macrophages. PCV2 antigen and nucleic acid were detected in almost all of the examined tissues. The examination showed that the histopathological and immunohistochemical methods provide complementary results in diagnosing PCV2 in pigs.
Keywords: histopathology, immunohistochemistry, porcine circovirus type 2, post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
References
1. Ristoski T, Cvetkovik I, Joaqim S, Circovirus diseases in swineMac Vet Rev 2009; 32: 15-11.
2. Gan-Nan C, Jyi-Faa H, Jing-Tsang C, Hau-Yang T, Jyh-Jye W, Fast diagnosis and quantification for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) using real-time plymerase chain reactionJ Microbiol Immunol Infect 2010; 43: 285-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1684-1182(10)60014-X.
3. Grau-Roma L, Lorenzo F, Joaquim S, Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis and control of diseases caused by porcine circovirus type 2The Veterinary Journal 2010; 187: 23-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.01.018. PMid:20211570
4. Joaquim S, Tuija K, Martí C, The natural history of porcine circovirus type 2:From an inoffensive virus to a devastating swine disease?Veterinary Microbiology 2012; 165: 13-20.
5. Nicolas R, Tanja O, Béatrice G, André J, Epidemiology and transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)Virus Research 2011; 164: 78-89.
6. McNeilly F, Kennedy S, Moffett D, Meehan B.M, Foster J.C, Clarke E.G, Ellis J.A, Haines D.M, Adair B.M, Allan G.M, A comparison of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for the detection of a new porcine circovirus in formalin-fixed tissues from pigs with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)Journal of Virological Methods 1999; 80: 123-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00043-9.
7. Rosell C, Segalés J, Plana-Durán J, Balasch M, Rodríguez-Arrioja G. M, Kennedy S, Allan G. M, McNeilly F, Latimer K. S, Domingo M, Pathological, immunohistochemical, and in-situ hybridization studies of natural cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigsJ. Comp. Path 1999; 120: 59-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jcpa.1998.0258. PMid:10098016
9. Tanja O, Xiang-Jin M, Patrick G. H, Porcine circovirus type 2–associated disease:Update on current terminology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and intervention strategiesJ Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19: 591-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870701900601.
10. Calsaming M, Segales J, Quintana J, Rosell C, Domingo M, Detection of porcine circvirus tupes 1 and 2 in serum and tissue samples of pigs with and without postweaning pultisystemic wasting syndromeJournal of Clinical Microbiology 2002; 40: 1848-1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.5.1848-1850.2002. PMCid:PMC130924
11. Ellis J, Hassard L, Clark E, Harding J, Allan G, Willson P, Strokappe J, Martin K, McNeilly F, Meehan B, Tood D, Haines D, Isolation of circovirus from lesions of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndromeCanadian Veterinary Journal 1998; 39: 44-51.PMid:9442952 PMCid:PMC1539838
13. Hamel A.L, Lin L.L, Sachvie C, Grudeski E, Nayar G.P, PCR detection and characterization of type - 2 porcine circovirusCanadian Journal of Veterinary Research 2000; 64: 44-52.PMid:10680656 PMCid:PMC1189580
14. Harding J.C.S, Clark E.G, Recognizing and diagnosing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)Swine Health and Production 1997; 5: 201-203.
15. Kim J, Chung H.K, Jung T, Cho W.S, Choi C, Chae C, Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome of pigs in korea:Prevalence, microscopic lesions and coexisting microorganismsJournal of Veterinary Medical Science 2002; 64: 57-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.64.57.
16. Magar R, Larochelle R, Thibault S, Lamontagne L, Experimental transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in weaning pigs:a sequental studyJournal of Comparative Pathology 2000; 123: 258-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jcpa.2000.0413. PMid:11041995
17. Mankertz A, Mankertz J, Wolf K, Bunk H.J, Identification of a protein essential for replication of porcine circovirusJournal of General Virology 1998; 79: 381-384.PMid:9472624
18. McNeilly F, Kennedy S, Moffet D, Meehan B.M, Foster J.C, Clarke E.G, Ellis J.A, Haines D.M, Adair B.M, Allan G.M, A comparison of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for the detection of a new porcine circovirus in formalin - fixed tissues from pigs with post - weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)Journal of Virological Methods 1999; 80: 123-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00043-9.
19. Meehan B.M, McNeilly F, Todd D, Kennedy S, Jewhurst V.A, Ellis J.A, Hassard L.E, Clark E.G, Haines D.M, Allan G.M, Characterization of novel circovirus DNAs associated with wasting syndromes in pigsJournal of General Virology 1998; 79: 2171-2179.PMid:9747726
20. Nayar G.P.S, Hamel A, Lin L, Detection and characterization of porcine circovirus associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigsCanadian Veterinary Journal 1997; 38: 385-386.PMid:9187809 PMCid:PMC1576874
21. Quintana J, Segales J, Rosell C, Calsamiglia M, Rodríguez – Arrioja G.M, Chianini F, Folch J.M, Maldonado J, Canal M, Plana – Durán J, Domingo M, Clinical and pathological observations of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndromeVeterinary Record 2001; 149: 357-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.149.12.357. PMid:11594382
22. Rosell C, Segales J, Plana – Duran J, Balasch M, Rodriguez – Arrioja G.M, Kennedy S, Allan G.M, McNeilly F, Latimer K.S, Domingo M, Pathological, immunohistochemical and in situ hibridization studies of natural cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigsJ. Comp. Path 1999; 120: 59-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jcpa.1998.0258. PMid:10098016
23. Segales J, Update on postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome diagnosticJournal of Swine Health and Production 2002; 10: 6277-281.
25. Tischer I, Mields W, Wolff D, Vagt M, Griem W, Studies on the pathogenicity of porcine circovirusArchives of Virology 1986; 91: 271-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01314286. PMid:3778212
Copyright
© 2015 Gjurovski I. This is an open-access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declared that they have no potential conflict of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.
Citation Information
Macedonian Veterinary Review. Volume 38, Issue 1, Pages 73-78, p-ISSN 1409-7621, e-ISSN 1857-7415, DOI: 10.14432/j.macvetrev.2014.11.033, 2015
10.14432/j.macvetrev.2014.11.033
