Macedonian Veterinary Review

Original Scientific Article

Otitis externa in dogs: Distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus spp. isolates

Mohammad Hassan

Ayse Ilgin Kekeç *

Barış Halaç

Beren Başaran Kahraman

Mac Vet Rev 2023; 46 (1): 43 - 50

10.2478/macvetrev-2023-0012

Received: 16 May 2022

Received in revised form: 03 January 2023

Accepted: 09 January 2023

Available Online First: 01 February 2023

Published on: 15 March 2023

Correspondence: Ayse Ilgin Kekeç, ilginkekec@iuc.edu.tr

PDF HTML

Abstract

The study aimed to investigate the Staphylococcus species from dogs with chronic otitis externa in Istanbul and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Ear swab samples were collected from 100 dogs suspected of otitis externa admitted at the clinics of Istanbul University - Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. The dogs were of different age, gender, and breed. The bacterial isolation was performed by conventional methods. BD Phoenix Automated Microbiology System was used to confirm bacterial identification by conventional methods and to test antimicrobial susceptibility. Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from 36% of the samples collected from the dogs. S. pseudintermedius, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. hyicus and S. chromogenes were identified in 41.6%, 22.2%, 11.1%, 5.5%, and 5.5%. In Staphylococcus spp. isolates, enrofloxacin, penicillin, and ampicillin-sulbactam resistance was 8.3%, marbofloxacin resistance was 11.1%, doxycycline resistance was 16.6%, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin, and gentamicin resistance was 19.4%, tetracycline, clindamycin, and sulphonamide resistance was 25%. Methicillin resistance was not observed in any of the isolates. However, multiple drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 11 (30.5%) of 36 isolates. In conclusion, the early detection and antimicrobial sensitivity testing of Staphylococcus spp in dog otitis externa cases that do not respond to empiric therapy could be beneficial for appropriate antibiotic selection and treatment thus preventing MDR.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, Staphylococcus, canine, otitis externa

References

1. Fernández, G., Barboza, G., Villalobos, A., Parra, O., Finol, G., Ramirez, R. A. (2006). Isolation and identification of microorganisms present in 53 dogs suffering otitis externa. Rev Cientif. FCV-LUZ., 16(1): 23.

2. Lyskova, P., Vydrzalova, M., Mazurova, J. (2007). Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria and yeasts isolated from healthy dogs and dogs with otitis externa. J Vet Med. 54, 559-563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00996.x PMid:18045339

3. Kasai, T., Fukui, Y., Aoki, K., Ishii, Y., Tateda, K. (2020). Changes in the ear canal microbiota of dogs with otitis externa. J Appl Microbiol. 130(4): 1084-1091. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14868 PMid:32979301

4. Miller, W.H., Griffin, C.E., Campbell, K.L. (2013). Diseases of eyelids, claws, anal sacs, and ears. İn: Muller & Kirk’s Small Animal Dermatology (7th ed) (pp740-773). St Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby
5. Bernardo, F.M., Martins, H.M., Martins, M.L. (1998). A survey of mycotic otitis externa of dogs in Lisbon. Rev Iberoam Micol, 15, 163-165.
6. Malayeri, H.Z., Jamshidi, S., Salehi, T.Z. (2010). Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria causing otitis externa in dogs. Vet Res Commun. 34(5): 435-444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-010-9417-y PMid:20526674

7. Penna, B., Varges, R., Medeiros, L., Martins, G.M., Martins, R.R., Lilenbaum, W. (2010). Species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from canine otitis externa. Vet Dermatol. 21(3): 292-296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00842.x PMid:20042036

8. Markey, B.K., Leonard, F., Archambault, M., Cullinane, A., Maguire. D. (2013). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology (2nd Edition). Chapter 7. Mosby Elsevier, China.
9. Erbaş, G., Kırkan, Ş., Parın, U., Yüksel, H.T. (2019). Distribution of microorganisms that cause otitis externa in dogs and determination of antibiotic susceptibilities. Animal Health, Prod and Hyg. 8(1): 638-641.

10. Bourely, C., Cazeau, G., Jarrige, N., Leblond, A., Madec, J. Y., Haenni, M., Gay, E. (2019). Antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from dogs with otitis. Epidemiol. Infect. 147. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268818003278 PMid:30868979 PMCid:PMC6518499

11. Pomba, C., Rantala, M., Greko, C., Baptiste, K. E., Catry, B., Van Duijkeren, E., Mateus, A. et al. (2017). Public health risk of antimicrobial resistance transfer from companion animals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 72(4): 957-968. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw481 PMid:27999066

12. Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Leonard, F.C., FitzPatrick, E.S., Fanning, S., Hartigan, P. (2002). Veterinary microbiology and microbial disease. John Wiley & Sons.
13. Koneman, E.W., Allen, S.D., Janda, W.M., Schreckenberger, P.C., Winn, W.C. (2006). The gram positive cocci. In: The color atlas and text-book of diagnostic microbiology. 6th ed. (pp. 623-671). Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co.

14. Paterson, S. (2016). Discovering the causes of otitis externa. In: Pract. 38(Suppl 2), 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1136/inp.i470
15. Perry, L.R., MacLennan, B., Korven, R., Rawlings, T.A. (2017). Epidemiological study of dogs with otitis externa in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Can Vet J. 58(2): 168.
16. Petrov, V., Mihaylov, G., Tsachev, I., Zhelev, G., Marutsov, P., Koev, K. (2013). Otitis externa in dogs microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility. Rev Med Vet. 164, 18-22.
17. Yılmaz, Ö. (2014). Determination of Staphylococcus intermedius’s exfoliative toxin isolated from healthy dogs and dogs with otitis externa (Master’s Thesis, Adnan Menderes University). [in Turkish]

18. Borum, A.E., Çeçen, G., Demir, G., Çetin, C., Şentürk, S. (2014). Determination and antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from otitis externa with dogs. Kocatepe Vet J. 7(1): 27-31. https://doi.org/10.5578/kvj.7337

19. Lilenbaum, W., Veras, M., Blum, E., Souza, G.N. (2000). Antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from otitis externa in dogs. Lett Appl Microbiol. 31, 42-45. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00759.x PMid:10886613

20. De Martino, L., Nocera, F. P., Mallardo, K., Nizza, S., Masturzo, E., Fiorito, F., Lovane, G. et al. (2016). An update on microbiological causes of canine otitis externa in Campania Region, Italy. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 6(5): 384-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.11.012

21. Sarıerler, M., Kırkan, Ş. (2004). Microbiological diagnosis and therapy of canine otitis externa. Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi 10, 11-15.
22. Öztürk, D., Pehlivanoğlu, F., Türütoğlu, H., Şirin, Y.S., Şababoğlu, E. (2016). Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms from dogs with otitis externa. Eurasian J Vet Sci. 32(2): 84-88.

23. Scherer, C.B., Botoni, L.S., Coura, F.M., Silva, R.O., Santos, R.D.D., Heinemann, M.B., Costa-Val, A.P. (2018). Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs with otitis externa. Cienc Rural. 48. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20170738

24. Topala, R., Burtan, I., Fântânaru, M., Ciobanu, S., Burtan, L. C. (2007). Epidemiological studies of otitis externa at carnivores. Lucr Ştiinţ Med Vet. 40, 247-251.
25. Zur, G., Lifshitz, B., Bdolah‐Abram, T. (2011). The association between the signalment, common causes of canine otitis externa and pathogens. J Small Anim Pract . 52(5): 254-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01058.x PMid:21539570

26. Saridomichelakis, M.N., Farmaki, R., Leontides, L.S., Koutinas, A.F. (2007). Aetiology of canine otitis externa: a retrospective study of 100 cases. Vet Dermatol. 18(5): 341-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00619.x PMid:17845622

27. Kumar, S., Hussain, K., Sharma, R., Chhibber, S., Sharma, N. (2014). Prevalence of canine otitis externa in Jammu. J Anim Res. 4(1): 121-130. https://doi.org/10.5958/2277-940X.2014.00083.7

28. Sığırcı, B.D., Kahraman, B.B., Çelik, B., Metiner, K., Ikiz, S., Bağcıgil, A.F., Ozgur N.Y., et al. (2018). Bacterial and fungal species isolated from dogs with otitis externa. Kocatepe Vet J. 11(3): 260-265.
29. Sen, P., Demirdal, T., Özdemir, R., Nemli, S. A., Baran, N., Er, H., Güngör, S. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococci: A 6-year-evaluation. Medeni Med J. 32(4): 205-211. https://doi.org/10.5222/MMJ.2017.205
30. Kang, M.H., Chae, M.J., Yoon, J.W., Kim, S.G., Lee, S.Y., Yoo, J.H., Park, H.M. (2014). Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterisation of ophthalmic Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from dogs. J Vet Sci. 15(3): 409-415. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2014.15.3.409 PMid:24690601 PMCid:PMC4178142

31. Oliviera, L.C.D., Leite, C.A.L., Brilhante, R.S.N., Carvalho, C.B.M. (2006). Etiology of canine otitis media and antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-positive Staphylococci in Fortaleza city, Brazil. Braz J of Microbiol. 37, 144-147. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822006000200009

32. Kayiş, U. (2019). Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Aydın Health Magazine 5(1): 1-12.

Copyright

© 2023 Hassan M. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declared that they have no potential lict of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Citation Information

Macedonian Veterinary Review. Volume 46, Issue 1, Pages 43-50, e-ISSN 1857-7415, p-ISSN 1409-7621, DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2023-0012, 2023