Original Scientific Article
Molecular characterization of the emerging sublineage Ind2001e of Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in buffalo in Manikganj, Bangladesh
Md Zulfekar Ali * ,
Naima Tasnim ,
Md Ataur Rahman ,
Md Hafizur Rahman ,
Mirza Mienur Meher ,
Md Giasuddin

Mac Vet Rev 2025; 48 (2): i - ix

10.2478/macvetrev-2025-0028

Received: 13 December 2024

Received in revised form: 27 April 2025

Accepted: 30 July 2025

Available Online First: 25 August 2025

Published on: 15 October 2025

Correspondence: Md Zulfekar Ali, zulfekarvet@gmail.com
PDF HTML

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major economic infectious disease in endemic regions like Bangladesh, affecting cloven-hooved animals and hindering livestock development. Good farm practices, including vaccination, is the only effective control method and continuous monitoring is necessary to detect vaccine effectiveness. Buffalo, a significant livestock resource in the southern coastal region of Bangladesh, requires more disease management efforts than cattle. This study aimed to isolate and make molecularly characterize of the VP1 coding region of FMDV in clinically suspected buffaloes. Tongue epithelial tissues were collected from two buffalos suspected of FMD in June-2018 in the Manikganj district of Bangladesh. Both samples were identified as FMDV serotype O using RT-PCR testing and were subsequently cultured in BHK-21 cell line. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 region revealed that both isolates clustered into a distinct sublineage Ind2001e, within the dominant lineage Ind2001 of Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA) topotype of FMDV serotype O, which has been circulating in Bangladesh since 2012. Analysis of nucleotide (NT) similarities revealed that 92.38% of NTs are homologous between isolates, whereas similarities with the Indian sequences was 99.91%-99.99%, and with the Nepal sequences was 99.90%-99.99%. The amino acid mutations within the VP1 sequence between the vaccine strain (O/India/R2/75) and the BAN450 isolates was 3.75% (8; 96.25% homology), specifically in the B-C loop and C-terminal region. In conclusion, buffalos get infected with the emerging novel sublineage Ind2001e. The effectiveness of vaccination in Bangladesh with the potential mutational trend poses significant concern regarding the transmission between multiple species.

Keywords: buffalo, Foot-and-mouth-disease, Ind2001e sublineage, molecular characterization, serotype O

References

  1. Kitching, R.P. (2002). Clinical variation in foot and mouth disease: cattle. Rev Sci Tech. 21(3): 499-502. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.21.3.1343 PMid:12523690
  2. Grubman, M.J., Baxt, B. (2004). Foot-and-mouth disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 17(2): 465-493. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.17.2.465-493.2004 PMid:15084510 PMCid:PMC387408
  3. Knight-Jones, T.J., Rushton, J. (2013). The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease-what are they, how big are they and where do they occur? Prev Vet Med. 112(3-4): 161-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013 PMid:23958457 PMCid:PMC3989032
  4. Bijari, M., Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi, A., Ansari-Lari, M., Ghaffari, M.H. (2025). Productivity, reproduction and economic losses due to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Iranian Holstein cows. Prev Vet Med. 238, 106471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106471 PMid: 39978113
  5. Giasuddin, M., Ali, M.Z., Sayeed, M.A., Islam, E. (2020). Financial loss due to foot and mouth disease outbreak in cattle in some affected areas of Bangladesh. Bangl J Lives Res. 27(1&2): 82-94. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjlr.v27i1.55172
  6. Nandi, S.P., Rahman, M.Z., Momtaz, S., Sultana, M., Hossain, M.A. (2015). Emergence and distribution of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus serotype A and O in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis. 62(3): 328-331. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12113 PMid:23734722
  7. Hemadri,D.,Tosh,C.,Sanyal,A.,Venkataramanan,R. (2002). Emergence of a new strain of type O foot-and-mouth disease virus: its phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship with the PanAsia pandemic strain. Virus Genes. 25(1): 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020165923805 PMid:12206305
  8. Subramaniam, S., Mohapatra, J.K., Das, B., Sanyal, A., Pattnaik, B. (2015). Genetic and antigenic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O responsible for outbreaks in India during 2013. Infect Genet Evol. 30, 59-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.009 PMid:25511252
  9. Siddique, M.A., Ali, M.R., Alam, A.S.M.R.U., Ullah, H., Rahman, A., Chakrabarty, R.P., Amin, M.A., et al. (2018). Emergence of two novel sublineages Ind2001 BD 1 and Ind2001 BD 2 of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis. 65(4): 1009-1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12834 PMid:29457368
  10. Subramaniam, S., Sanyal, A., Mohapatra, J.K., Sharma, G.K., Biswal, J.K., Ranjan, R., Rout, M., et al. (2013). Emergence of a novel lineage genetically divergent from the predominant Ind2001 lineage of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus in India. Infect Genet Evol. 18, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.027 PMid:23643555
  11. Dahiya, S.S., Subramaniam, S., Biswal, J.K., Das, B., Prusty, B.R., Ali, S.Z., Khulape, S.A., et al. (2021). Genetic characterization of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus serotype O isolates collected during 2014-2018 revealed dominance of O/ME‐SA/Ind2001e and the emergence of a novel lineage in India. Transbound Emerg Dis. 68(6): 3498-3508. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13954 PMid:33305514
  12. Hossain, K.A., Anjume, H., Alam, K.M., Yeamin, A., Akter, S., Hossain, M.A., Sultana, M. (2023). Emergence of a novel sublineage, MYMBD21 under SA-2018 lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus serotype O in Bangladesh. Sci Rep. 13(1): 9817. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36830-w PMid:37330573 PMCid:PMC10276842
  13. Hamid, M.A., Siddiky, M.N.A., Rahman, M.A., Hossain, K.M. (2016). Scopes and opportunities of buffalo farming in Bangladesh: A review. SAARC J Agri. 14(2): 63-77. https://doi.org/10.3329/sja.v14i2.31246
  14. Habib, M.A., Rahman, M.S., Khatun, A., Ali, M.Y. (2023). The scenario of buffalo production and research in Bangladesh. J Buffalo Sci. 12, 28-37. https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-520X.2023.12.04
  15. Samad, M. (2020). A systematic review of research findings on buffalo health and production published during the last six decades in Bangladesh. J Vet Med OH Res. 2(1): 1-62. https://doi.org/10.36111/jvmohr.2020.2(1).0016
  16. Vangrysperre, W., De Clercq, K. (1996). Rapid and sensitive polymerase chain reaction based detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus in clinical samples and cell culture isolates, combined with a simultaneous differentiation with other genomically and/or symptomatically related viruses. Arch Virol. 141(2): 331-344. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01718403 PMid:8634024
  17. Callens, M., De Clercq, K. (1997). Differentiation of the seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods. 67(1): 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(97)00074-8 PMid:9274816
  18. Amadori, M., Volpe, G., Defilippi, P., Berneri, C. (1997). Phenotypic features of BHK-21 cells used for production of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine. Biologicals. 25(1): 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1006/biol.1996.006 PMid:9167010
  19. Knowles, N.J., Wadsworth, J., Bachanek-Bankowska, K., King, D.P. (2016). VP1 sequencing protocol for foot and mouth disease virus molecular epidemiology. Rev Sci Tech. 35(3): 741-755. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.35.3.2565 PMid:28332654
  20. Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W., Lipman, D.J. (1990). Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 215(3): 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2 PMid:2231712
  21. Thompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G., Gibson, T.J. (1994). CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 22(22): 4673-4680. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673 PMid:7984417 PMCid:PMC308517
  22. Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Kumar, S. (2021). MEGA11: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol Biol Evol. 38(7): 3022-3027. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120 PMid:33892491 PMCid:PMC8233496
  23. Tamura, K., Nei, M. (1993). Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol. 10(3): 512-526.
  24. WAHID. (2009). OIE World Animal Health Database. c2024 [cited 2024 October 17]. https://wahis.woah.org/#/event-management
  25. Loth,L.,Osmani,M.G.,Kalam,M.A.,Chakraborty,R.K., Wadsworth, J., Knowles, N.J., Hammond, J.M., Benigno, C. (2011). Molecular characterization of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus: implications for disease control in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis. 58(3): 240-246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01206.x PMid:21320294
  26. Michel, A.L., Bengis, R.G. (2012). The African buffalo: a villain for inter-species spread of infectious diseases in southern Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 79(2): 453. https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v79i2.453 PMid:23327373
  27. Ali, M.Z., Giasuddin, M. (2020). Detection of an emerging novel sublineage Ind2001BD1 and lineage PanAsia of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in cattle in Manikgonj district of Bangladesh, 2018. Open Vet J. 10(3): 347-353. https://doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v10i3.14
  28. Miguel, E., Grosbois, V., Fritz, H., Caron, A., de Garine‐Wichatitsky, M., Nicod, F., Loveridge, A.J., et al. (2017). Drivers of foot‐and‐mouth disease in cattle at wild/domestic interface: Insights from farmers, buffalo and lions. Divers Distrib. 23(9): 1018-1030. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12585 PMid:32313434 PMCid:PMC7163638
  29. Upadhyaya, S., Mahapatra, M., Mioulet, V., Parida, S. (2021). Molecular basis of antigenic drift in serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses (2013-2018) from Southeast Asia. Viruses. 13(9): 1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091886 PMid:34578467 PMCid:PMC8473337
  30. Brito, B.P., Rodriguez, L.L., Hammond, J.M., Pinto, J., Perez, A.M. (2017). Review of the global distribution of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus from 2007 to 2014. Transbound Emerg Dis. 64(2): 316-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12373 PMid:25996568

Copyright

© 2025 Ali M.Z. This is an open-access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial conflict of interest regarding authorship and publication of this article.

Citation Information

Macedonian Veterinary Review. Volume 48, Issue 2, Pages i-ix, e-ISSN 1857-7415, p-ISSN 1409-7621, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/macvetrev-2025-0028 

The all content of the Macedonian Veterinary Review, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.